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iParadigms LLC, the district court found the practice fell within fair use on appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed. When a group of students filed suit against Turnitin on that basis, in Vanderhye et al. Students' work is often original, interpretive and creative rather than just a compilation of established facts.The company copies the entire paper, not just a portion.University of Minnesota Law School professor Dan Burk countered that the company's use of the papers may not meet the fair-use test for several reasons:

The company's lawyers further claim that dissertations and theses also carry with them an implied permission to archive in a publicly accessible collection such as a university library. That implied license, the lawyers argue, thus grants Turnitin permission to copy, reproduce and preserve the works.

Lawyers for the company claim that student work is covered under the theory of implied license to evaluate, since it would be pointless to write the essays if they were not meant to be graded. Mount Saint Vincent University became the first Canadian university to ban Turnitin's service partly because of implications of the Act. The Student Union at Dalhousie University has criticized the use of Turnitin at Canadian universities because the American government may be able to access the submitted papers and personal information in the database under the USA PATRIOT Act. In 2019, Turnitin began analyzing admissions application materials through a partner software, Kira Talent. Blackboard, Moodle, ANGEL, Instructure, Desire2Learn, Pearson Learning Studio, Sakai, and Studywiz integrate in some way with the software. Some virtual learning environments can be configured to support Turnitin, so that student assignments can be automatically submitted for analysis. Teachers can also set assignment-analysis options so that students can review the system's 'originality reports' before they finalize their submission.

Teachers may also submit a student's papers to as individual files, by bulk upload, or as a ZIP file. Students typically upload their papers directly to the service for teachers to access. It also contains commercial and/or copyrighted pages from books, newspapers, and journals. In addition to student papers, the database contains a copy of the publicly accessible Internet, with the company using a web crawler to continually add content to Turnitin's archive. This prevents one student from using another student's paper, by identifying matching text between papers. The essays submitted by students are stored in a database used to check for plagiarism. It scans its own databases and also has licensing agreements with large academic proprietary databases.

The Turnitin software checks for potentially unoriginal content by comparing submitted papers to several databases using a proprietary algorithm. 4.1 Ad hoc encodings, fonts and text representation.The Service is operated by iParadigms, in conjunction with Northumbria Learning, the European reseller of the Service. In the UK the service is supported and promoted by JISC as 'Plagiarism Detection Service Turnitin UK'. In March 2019, Advance Publications acquired Turnitin, LLC for US$1.75 billion. Other tools included with the Turnitin suite are GradeMark (online grading and corrective feedback) and PeerMark (student peer-review service).

Turnitin, LLC also runs the informational website and offers a similar plagiarism-detection service for newspaper editors and book and magazine publishers called iThenticate.

Some critics have alleged that use of this proprietary software violates educational privacy as well as international intellectual-property laws, and exploits students' works for commercial purposes by permanently storing them in Turnitin's privately held database. The software has been a source of controversy, with some students refusing to submit, arguing that requiring submission implies a presumption of guilt. Students may be required to submit work to Turnitin as a requirement of taking a certain course or class. Results can identify similarities with existing sources and can also be used in formative assessment to help students learn to avoid plagiarism and improve their writing. Turnitin (stylized as turnitin) is an Internet-based plagiarism detection service run by the American company Turnitin, LLC, a subsidiary of Advance Publications.Р”Р‡ounded in 1998, it sells its licenses to universities and high schools who then use the software as a service (SaaS) website to check submitted documents against its database and the content of other websites with the aim of identifying plagiarism.

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